Latin Adjectives for Beginners: The Ultimate Guide

Are you struggling with adjectives or simply trying to master them? Then this post on Latin adjectives for beginners is just the thing for you.

This guide covers

• the role of adjectives in Latin
• types of adjectives in Latin (including declension charts)
• adjective-noun agreement
• placement of adjectives
• positive, comparative, and superlative degrees
• common irregular adjectives

So let’s get started! I will discuss everything in a beginner-friendly way. You can read the whole post straight through, or you can jump to whatever interests you the most.

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Latin Adjectives: Basic Facts

An adjective is a word that modifies (or describes) a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives give us information about qualities and quantities.

Here are a few examples of adjectives in English: big, tall, red, pretty, interesting, messy, ancient, happy.

Latin adjectives work very much like English adjectives. But since Latin nouns have gender, number, and case, Latin adjectives also have these three properties.

This coordination of adjectives with their nouns is called agreement. When we say that an adjective agrees with its noun, we mean that its gender, number, and case match the gender, number, and case of the noun.

Further down in this post, we will explore adjective-noun agreement in more detail. But for now, I just want you to understand the basic principle.

So here’s the thing. If you are familiar with noun declensions, then you know that each noun has different forms based on its case and number. But any given Latin noun has only one gender.

Each adjective, on the other hand, can have three genders. This is a logical necessity, since adjectives have to be able to modify nouns of every gender.

What this means is that adjectives can have double or triple the number of endings as nouns. But before you get scared, here’s some good news: adjectives adopt many of the same endings as nouns.

Now that you know some basic facts, it’s time to take a closer look at the different types of Latin adjectives.

Types of Adjectives in Latin

This post focuses on Latin adjectives for beginners, so I will not cover every possible subtype or exception. Instead, I will discuss the two most important types of adjectives: 1st and 2nd declension adjectives (aka 2-1-2 adjectives) and 3rd declension adjectives.

1st and 2nd Declension (2-1-2) Adjectives

The first class of Latin adjective is 1st and 2nd declension adjectives (called 2-1-2 adjectives for short). How can adjectives be both first and second declension? Simple.

The adjectives are 1st declension in the feminine and 2nd declension in the masculine and neuter. This makes sense if you consider how noun gender works. 1st declension nouns are usually feminine. 2nd declension nouns ending in –us are masculine, while 2nd declension nouns ending in –um are neuter.

Dictionaries and textbooks conventionally list the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular forms of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives. These forms end in –us, –a, and –um respectively. Here are some examples:

• magnus, magna, magnum > magnus, a, um “large, great”
• bonus, bona, bonum > bonus, a, um “good”
• albus, alba, album > albus, a, um “white”

As you can see, adjectives often appear in short-hand: the feminine and neuter nominative singulars are abbreviated to –a and –um.

1st and 2nd declension adjectives are declined exactly like nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions. Here is a sample adjective declension chart.

SING	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom	magnus	magna	magnum
Gen	magnī	magnae	magnī
Dat	magnō	magnae	magnō
Acc	magnum	magnam	magnum
Abl	magnō	magnā	magnō

PLUR	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom	magnī	magnae	magna
Gen	magnōrum	magnārum	magnōrum
Dat	magnīs	magnīs	magnīs
Acc	magnōs	magnās	magna
Abl	magnīs	magnīs	magnīs

1st and 2nd declension adjectives are frequently called 2-1-2 adjectives. This is because, as I said above, dictionaries list the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular. Thus the order goes masculine (2nd declension), feminine (1st declension), neuter (2nd declension).

3rd Declension Adjectives

The second main class of adjectives is 3rd declension adjectives. Since 3rd declension nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter, there are 3rd declension endings for every gender.

Several subclasses of 3rd declension adjectives exist, but here I will focus on the main kind: two-termination 3rd declension adjectives.

👉 For more information about the various kinds of 3rd declension adjectives, read my post on finding the stem of any Latin adjective.

Most 3rd declension adjectives have two sets of endings: the masculine/feminine endings and the neuter endings. The dictionary form of the adjective includes a) the masculine/feminine nominative singular and b) the neuter nominative singular.

For standard 3rd declension adjectives, the masculine/feminine ends in –is and the neuter ends in –e. These two forms appear in dictionary and textbook entries. Here are some examples:

• fortis, forte > fortis, e “strong, brave”
• gravis, grave > gravis, e “heavy, serious”
• facilis, facile > facilis, e “easy”

As you can see, the neuter nominative singular is often abbreviated to e.

3rd declension adjectives are declined exactly like 3rd declension i-stem nouns.

SING	MASC./FEM.	NEUTER
Nom	fortis	forte
Gen	fortis	fortis
Dat	fortī	fortī
Acc	fortem	forte
Abl	fortī	fortī

PLUR	MASC./FEM.	NEUTER
Nom	fortēs	fortia
Gen	fortium	fortium
Dat	fortibus	fortibus
Acc	fortēs	fortia
Abl	fortibus	fortibus

Adjective-Noun Agreement in Latin

Now you know about the two main types of Latin adjectives: 1st and 2nd declension adjectives and 3rd declension adjectives. You also know that Latin adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

But what does adjective-noun agreement actually look like in Latin? Sometimes, the noun and adjective in question will have the exact same ending. This is convenient when it happens. Let’s look at a sample sentence.

Puellam laetam videō. = I see a happy girl.

In this sentence, puellam is the accusative singular of the 1st declension feminine noun puella “girl”. Laetam modifies puellam, so it also is accusative singular feminine.

Notice that both puellam and laetam end in –am. Helpful, right? It is easy to see that the two words go together.

The ending is exactly the same because puella is a 1st declension noun and laetus, a, um is a 1st and 2nd declension adjective. But what happens when a 1st and 2nd declension adjective modifies a 3rd declension noun?

Matrem laetam videō. = I see a happy mother.

Matrem is the accusative singular of the 3rd declension feminine noun māter “mother”. Laetam modifies matrem, so it is also accusative, singular, and feminine.

But wait! Why does matrem end in –em and laetam end in –am? Shouldn’t it be laetem?

No! Laetus, a, um is a 1st and 2nd declension adjective. It CANNOT have 3rd declension endings.

The important thing is that the adjective match the noun’s gender, number, and case. If the noun and adjective belong to different declensions, then the endings themselves may be different. But the endings must belong to the same gender, number, and case.

Whenever you see a noun and an adjective, check to see if the adjective agrees with the noun fully. The actual appearance of the ending doesn’t matter; its gender, number, and case do.

1st and 2nd declension adjectives can modify nouns of any declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th). 3rd declension adjectives can also modify nouns of any declension.

So remember: adjective-noun agreement does not mean that the two words will have the exact same ending.

Placement of Adjectives in Latin

Do adjectives go before or after the noun in Latin? Great question. The short answer is both. Latin word order is notoriously flexible, so an adjective may appear either before or after the noun it modifies.

Up above, we saw the sentence puellam laetam videō “I see a happy girl”. In English, we have to put the adjective “happy” in front of “girl”, but in Latin we can say either puellam laetam or laetam puellam.

So, why do adjectives sometimes come first, but sometimes go after? My favorite Latin grammar states: “In any phrase the determining and most significant word comes first.” (Allen and Greenough’s §598)

Basically, the word order depends on the precise meaning or emphasis that the writer or speaker is trying to convey. If the focus is on the girl herself, then puellam comes first. But if the speaker wishes to draw attention to the girl’s happiness, then laetam will precede its noun.

In practice, what usually happens is that adjectives expressing quality follow their nouns. Adjectives expressing quantity, on the other hand, tend to be more emphatic, so they tend to precede their nouns.

Numerals, demonstrative adjectives, and interrogative adjectives also tend to precede their nouns.

But rules are made to be broken, and you can certainly find all sorts of creative word orders in Latin literature. This is why it is so important for you to ignore the word order and to focus on the gender, number, and case of any given adjective.

The gender, number, and case will tell you which noun the adjective modifies. This, in turn, will allow you to determine the adjective’s role in the sentence.

How are you feeling? This may be a post on Latin adjectives for beginners, but I know I have thrown a lot of information at you. Just a few more sections, and you’re done!

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Adjective Degrees in Latin

Are you familiar with adjective degrees? You may not know what they are called, but if you speak English, you definitely use them.

Adjectives in both English and Latin have three degrees:

• positive
• comparative
• superlative

The positive degree of an adjective is the basic, neutral form. Examples: tall, happy, brave.

The comparative expresses a greater degree of whatever quality or quantity the adjective describes. In English, we add “-er” to an adjective to form the comparative. Examples: taller, happier, braver.

The superlative expresses the greatest possible degree of whatever quality or quantity the adjective describes. In English, we add “-est” to an adjective to form the superlative. Examples: tallest, happiest, bravest.

Up above we have seen what the positive degree of Latin adjectives looks like. The comparative is, generally speaking, formed by adding –ior (masculine/feminine) and –ius (neuter) to the adjective stem. Comparatives are all 3rd declension adjectives.

Examples:

• altus, a, um “tall” > altior, altius “taller”
• laetus, a, um “happy” > laetior, laetius “happier”
• fortis, e “brave” > fortior, fortius “braver”

The Latin superlative is typically formed by adding -issimus (masculine), –issima (feminine), and –issimum (neuter) to the adjective stem. As you may guess, superlatives are all 1st and 2nd declension adjectives.

Examples:

• altus, a, um “tall” > altissimus, a, um “tallest”
• laetus, a, um “happy” > laetissimus, a, um “happiest”
• fortis, e “brave” > fortissimus, a, um “bravest”

And there you go. Now you have an idea of what Latin comparatives and superlatives look like.

Of course, things are a bit more complicated than I have presented here. There are exceptions and nuances that I can’t cover in this post on Latin adjectives for beginners. But this post gives you a good start.

Irregular Adjectives in Latin

In Latin there is a group of so-called special adjectives which feature an irregular genitive singular and an irregular dative singular. In all other respects, these adjectives follow the case patterns of the 1st and 2nd declension.

Let’s use the adjective ūnus, a, um “one” as an example. In the following chart, the irregular endings are in red.

SING	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom	ūnus	ūna	ūnum
Gen	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnīus
Dat	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī
Acc	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum
Abl	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō

Notice that the genitive singular ending for all three genders is -īus. The dative singular ending for all three genders is –ī.

The hardest part of this is that ūnī looks like it should be a genitive ending, not a dative one. I have been studying Latin for over 20 years at this point and this still trips me up sometimes.

Nine common adjectives fall into this special category.

• ūnus, a, um – “one”
• neuter, neutra, neutrum – “neither”
• uter, utra, utrum – “which; either”
• sōlus, a, um – “alone; only”
• nūllus, a, um – “no, none”
• alter, altera, alterum – “another; the other (of two)”
• ūllus, a, um – “any”
• tōtus, a, um – “whole, entire”
• alius, a, um – “other”

You may be wondering why I didn’t list the adjectives in alphabetical order. It’s because there is an easy acronym to help you remember which adjectives are special: UNUS NAUTA, which means “one sailor”.

I have arranged the adjectives above so that their first letters, taken together, spell out ūnus nauta. (You do have to ignore the macrons, though, to make it work.)

Beyond this, notice that several of the adjectives come in pairs. Uter vs. neuter, ūllus vs. nūllus. This can also help you remember them.

FUN FACT: Technically, a historical linguist would tell you that these endings aren’t irregular. They are standard pronominal endings. It seems that these special adjectives were once conceptualized as pronouns.

FAQs about Latin Adjectives

Final Thoughts on Latin Adjectives for Beginners

I hope that you are now feeling a bit more confident about Latin adjectives! This post is for beginners, but there is a lot of material here. So take it slow and focus on mastering one thing at a time.

As I have said multiple times, the most important thing to remember about Latin adjectives is that they always, always, always agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

This should be your main takeaway from this post. If you remember one thing, let it be this iron-clad rule. It will guide you through confusing word orders and help you to understand ancient texts!

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